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Tok Pisin (;〔Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh〕 Tok Pisin ) is a creole language spoken throughout Papua New Guinea. It is an official language of Papua New Guinea and the most widely used language in that country. In parts of Western, Gulf, Central, Oro Province and Milne Bay Provinces, however, the use of Tok Pisin has a shorter history, and is less universal, especially among older people. While it likely developed as a trade pidgin, Tok Pisin has become a distinct language in its own right. Non-academic Anglophones living in Papua New Guinea tend to refer to it as "Pidgin," "New Guinea Pidgin" or "Pidgin English", but it is common usage among academics, as well as people familiar with Tok Pisin, to refer to the language by its own name. Between five and six million people use Tok Pisin to some degree, although not all speak it well. Many now learn it as a first language, in particular the children of parents or grandparents who originally spoke different vernaculars (for example, a mother from Madang and a father from Rabaul). Urban families in particular, and those of police and defence force members, often communicate among themselves in Tok Pisin, either never gaining fluency in a vernacular (''tok ples''), or learning a vernacular as a second (or third) language, after Tok Pisin (and possibly English). Perhaps one million people now use Tok Pisin as a primary language. ==Name== ''Tok'' is derived from English "talk", but has a wider application, also meaning "word", "speech", or "language". ''Pisin'' derives from the English word ''pidgin''; the latter, in turn, may originate in the word ''business'', which is descriptive of the typical development and use of pidgins as inter-ethnic trade languages. While Tok Pisin's name in the language is ''Tok Pisin'', it is also called New Guinea Pidgin〔E.g. Nupela Testamen bilong Bikpela Jisas Kraist, 1969.〕 in English. Papua New Guinean anglophones almost invariably refer to Tok Pisin as ''Pidgin'' when speaking English.〔The published court reports of Papua New Guinea refer to Tok Pisin as "Pidgin": see for example ''Schubert v The State'' () PNGLR 66.〕 However, professional linguists prefer to use the term ''Tok Pisin,'' as this is considered a distinct language in its own right.〔See the (''Glottolog'' entry for Tok Pisin ) (itself evidence that the linguistic community considers it a language in its own right, and prefers to name it ''Tok Pisin''), as well as numerous references therein.〕 The language can no longer be considered a pidgin strictly speaking: it is now a first language for numerous people, and is not simply a ''lingua franca'' to facilitate communication with speakers of other languages. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tok Pisin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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